指挥家：里卡尔多?穆蒂

　　CCTV.com消息：潇洒、酷帅、气度非凡的里卡尔多?穆蒂是当今国际乐坛最负盛名的指挥大师之一，其明星式的舞台风姿光彩耀人，风靡世界，受到无数乐迷的赞赏和拥戴。

　　里卡尔多?穆蒂1941年出生于意大利那不勒斯，父母都不从事音乐工作，家庭中却充满了浓厚的音乐气氛。穆蒂8岁开始学习小提琴，后在当地的麦耶尔拉圣皮埃特罗音乐学院学习钢琴，师从温琴佐?维塔莱教授。一次偶然的机会，他临时顶替别人去指挥学校的管弦乐队，结果受到人们的一致好评。一年后，他进入米兰威尔第音乐学院正式学习指挥，在布鲁诺?贝蒂内利和安东尼?沃托的指导下学习，获得作曲与管弦乐队指挥的学位证书。毕业后，他并没有急于投身指挥职业，而是赴威尼斯拜在著名指挥家费拉拉门下深造。1967年，26岁的穆蒂在米兰参加了由指挥大师托斯卡尼尼开创的著名的“圭多?康泰利国际指挥比赛”，以绝对的优势获得了第一名，引起世界乐坛关注。

　　次年，里卡尔多?穆蒂被任命为佛罗伦萨五月音乐节剧院的首席指挥，任职到1980年。1971年，穆蒂应赫伯特?冯?卡拉扬的邀请到萨尔兹堡音乐节担任指挥，开始了与萨尔兹堡音乐节长达30年之久的合作。

　　与此同时，穆蒂也开始依次登上欧美各大顶尖乐团的指挥台，开始了他辉煌的指挥历程。1972年，他接替刚刚去世的奥托?克莱姆佩雷尔出任伦敦爱乐乐团的首席指挥，并将乐团几近涣散的士气重新聚拢提升，令该团的实力大增，不久后就跻身于伦敦五大乐团之一。1980年，他从尤金?奥曼迪手中接过了费城交响乐团音乐总监的职位，在任职12年中他率该团在世界各地巡回演出，令“费城之声”响遍全球，赢得赞誉和评论界的喝彩。《时代周刊》评论道：“穆蒂先生虽然不是生意人，但是他却让费城成为全美最大的古典音乐市场” 。

　　1986年穆蒂接替阿巴多，出任米兰斯卡拉歌剧院的音乐总监，并与歌剧院建立了长期的合作关系。翌年，他又应邀成为斯卡拉爱乐乐团的首席指挥，任职至2005年。穆蒂在斯卡拉的舞台上上演了多部剧目，在指挥经典剧目的同时，他还将许多不常上演和被人遗忘的作品搬上舞台，使人们逐渐认知他对于歌剧的倾慕和钻研。

　　家喻户晓的维也纳新年音乐会每年都会邀请时下全世界最为优秀、最具特质的指挥家轮流指挥，而穆蒂则独一无二地分别在1993、1997和2000年三度执棒。穆蒂与维也纳爱乐乐团有着紧密的联系，当维也纳爱乐者协会举办成立150周年纪念活动邀请他指挥时，协会向他赠送了“金指环”，这是该团表示特别感激和友情象征的礼品――屈指可数的几位指挥大师获得过这一殊荣。

　　里卡尔多?穆蒂指挥过世界上几乎所有最重要的乐团：从柏林爱乐乐团到拜恩州广播乐团，从纽约爱乐乐团到法国国家管弦乐团，以及在本届音乐节中指挥中国爱乐乐团。他带领斯卡拉歌剧院，特别是斯卡拉爱乐乐团在世界各地巡回演出。2003年正值意大利作为欧共体轮值国之际，穆蒂于2003年10月16日在布鲁塞尔指挥斯卡拉爱乐乐团，同年12月14日在威尼斯凤凰歌剧院指挥了开幕式音乐会。2004年10月7日他在米兰为修复后的斯卡拉剧院揭幕，在开幕式上演了安东尼奥?萨列里庆祝胜利成功的歌剧《受公认的欧洲》。2005年4月，穆蒂离开了斯卡拉音乐总监的位置，在沉寂了一段时间之后，他于今年6月出现在指挥台上，在由马泽尔率领的纽约爱乐乐团访问意大利的演出中，应邀担任客席指挥，指挥了舒曼、柴科夫斯基的作品。

　　在公益事业方面，穆蒂还被委任为联合国难民事务高级专员公署名誉大使，穆蒂与斯卡拉爱乐乐团及合唱团、佛罗伦萨五月音乐节剧院合唱团和管弦乐团，以及欧共体的音乐家、由来自11个欧洲国家的19支乐团的乐手所组成的乐团，每年都在世界各大主要城市和战乱地区举行“友谊之路”系列音乐会。其中包括：萨拉热窝（1997年）、贝鲁特（1998年）、耶路撒冷（1999年）、莫斯科（2000年）、耶列万和伊斯坦布尔（2001年）、纽约（2002年）、开罗（2003年）、大马士革（2004年）罗马圆形剧场（2005年）。

　　穆蒂先后荣膺意大利共和国“大十字骑士”、米兰市“大金质奖章”，德意志共和国“杰出贡献十字勋章”，法国“古罗马军团”荣誉，英国伊丽莎白女王二世册封“大英帝国骑士”。鉴于他对莫扎特音乐的贡献，萨尔兹堡莫扎特音乐节授予他银质奖章，并选为维也纳宫廷乐团和维也纳国家歌剧院的荣誉成员。以色列政府授予他 ‘沃尔夫’奖，俄罗斯总统普京为他颁发了“友谊勋章”。

　　穆蒂的指挥艺术既承袭了托斯卡尼尼、瓦尔特、富特文格勒等前辈指挥大师的传统，又融入了其独特的个性表达，热情洋溢之中不失严谨，分寸把握得当，指挥风格潇洒、优雅、凝炼，以追求精确客观地反映作品的原作风貌而著称，他所录制的大量唱片也都被世人誉为精品。

　　Riccardo Muti （conductor）

　　Riccardo Muti was born in Naples where he studied piano at the Conservatory of San Pietro a Majella Conservatory under Vincenzo Vitale, graduating with distinction. He was subsequently awarded a diploma in Composition and Orchestral conducting by the Conservatory “Giuseppe Verdi”, Milan, where he studied under the guidance of Bruno Bettinelli and Antonio Botto. He first came to the attention of critics and public when he won the prestigious “Guido Cantelli” competition for conductors in Milan. The following year he was appointed principal conductor of the “Maggio Musicale Fiorentino”, a position he maintained until 1980. Already in 1971, however, Muti was invited by Herbert von Karajan to conduct at the Salzburg Festival, the first of many occasions, which led Muti to celebrate thirty years of splendid artistic collaboration with this glorious Austrian Festival in 2001. During the 1970s he was the London Philharmonic’s chief conductor (1972 to 1982) succeeding Otto Klemperer. He then inherited the position of Music Director of the Philadelphia Orchestra from Eugene Ormandy. From 1980 to 1992 he conducted this orchestra on many foreign tours throughout the world, attracting praise and critical acclaim.

　　A permanent relations between Muti and Teatro alla Scala di Milano was established in 1986 with his appointment as the Opera House’s Music Director. The following year he was invited to become Principal Conductor of the La Scala Philharmonic Orchestra, positions he has occupied until 2005.

　　During his extraordinary career, Riccardo Muti has conducted practically all the most important orchestras in the world: from the “Berliner Philharmoniker” to the “Bayerischer Rundfunk”, from the “New York Philharmonic” to the “Orchestre Nationale de France”. Naturally, the list also includes the “Wiener Philharmoniker” to which orchestra he is linked by particularly close and important ties. When he was invited to conduct the orchestra in the concert celebrating 150 years of the Viennese association, they presented him with the Golden Ring ? bestowed by the Orchestra as a sign of special appreciation and affection, an honour awarded to only a select few conductors.

　　It is undoubtedly, however, the long period which he has spent as Music Director of Teatro alla Scala di Milano that most profoundly reveals his artistic activity. He has undertaken important projects in collaboration with singers and directors of the highest quality. Such projects include the Mozart-Da Ponte Trilogy and the Wagner Ring cycle. As well as conducting the classics of the repertoire (such as Verdi’s romantic trilogy), he has brought to light many less performed and neglected works. These include exquisite pieces from the eighteenth century Neapolitan school as well as operas by Gluck, Cherubini, Spontini and most recently by Poulenc, composer of “Les dialogues des Carmélites”. This latter production earned Muti the prestigious “Abbiati” prize from the critics.

　　Over the years he has continued to contribute at the highest level to the theatres and festivals of greatest international prestige. He has toured throughout the world with the La Scala Opera House and the La Scala Philharmonic in particular. He has been no less productive in his recording activities, already significant during the 1970s, which have received recognition in the form of many prizes from specialist critics.

　　Muti has been made a “Cavaliere di Gran Croce” (Knight of the Great Cross) of the Italian Republic, he received the City of Milan’s “Gran Medaglia d’Oro” and the “Verdienstkreuz” from the German Republic. He was awarded the Legion of Honour in France and made a Knight of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in Britain. The Salzburg Mozarteum awarded him its silver medal for his contribution to Mozart’s music and he has been elected as an Honorary Member of the Wiener Hofmusikkapelle and the Wiener Staatsoper. The Russian President Putin awarded him the Order of Friendship and the State of Israel has honoured him with the “Wolf” prize for the arts.

　　His social and civic commitment is demonstrated by the series of concerts organised in the frame of “Le vie dell’Amicizia” (The paths of Friendship) by the Ravenna Festival in some of the most salient places of the troubled contemporary history: Sarajevo (1997), Beirut (1998), Jerusalem (1999), Moscow (2000), Yerevan and Istanbul (2001), New York (2002), Cairo (2003), Damascus (2004), El Djem (2005), with the La Scala Philharmonic and Choir, Choir and Orchestra of Maggio Musicale in Florence and the Musicians of Europe United, ensemble composed by the first parts of 19 orchestras representing 11 European countries.

　　He performed a series of memorable concerts with the Wiener Philharmoniker in both France and Salzburg in January 2003. Further concerts followed with the La Scala philharmonic in Zagreb, and with the Bayerischer Rundfunk Orchestra in Munich. In April 2003 the French national radio channel, France Musique, broadcast a “Journée Riccardo Muti” consisting of 14 hours of his operatic and symphonic recordings made with all the orchestras he has conducted throughout his career.

　　On the occasion of the Italian Presidency of the European Union, Riccardo Muti conducted the Scala Philharmonic in Brussels on 16th October 2003, while on 14th December of the same year he conducted the long expected opening concert at La Fenice in Venice. He started 2004 with the Wiener Philharmoniker for the traditional New Year’s Day concert in the Großer Saal of the Musikverein in Vienna. On 7th December 2004 he opened the newly rest ored La Scala Theatre in Milan with a triumphal Europa Riconosciuta by Antonio Salieri.

责编：雍莉